engleski

Mutation Rate: Data

The rate of genetic mutation is fundamental to the ecology and evolution of all species. It is influenced by both environment and genetics, through the effects of mutagens and enzymes involved in genetic damage and repair. Surveys of simple phenotypes have shown mutation rates ranging from 10 2 8 to 10 2 5 per locus per generation in many plants, animals and microbes. Surveys of sequences of DNA or proteins have indicated mutation rates from 10 2 11 to 10 2 7 per locus per cell division, but close to 0.003 per entire genome, in several microbes. Studies of standing genetic load have suggested total rates of harmful mutation ranging from 0.1 to 1.7 per entire genome per generation in some plant and invertebrate species. Studies of sponta- neous accumulation of mutations indicate 0.01–2 harmful mutations per entire genome per generation in a plant and three invertebrate animals, and 0.0002 per cell division in E. coli. Estimates of the gene substitution rate during long- term evolution suggest roughly one new harmful mutation per generation in the human lineage since the common ancestor of humans and apes. The rate of mutation per locus differs greatly among species, while the rate per entire genome appears less variable. Lethal mutations are generally 1–2 orders of magnitude rarer than mutations of measurably small effect. Lethal mutations may be more common in trees than in most other organisms. The causes and significance of differences among species in mutation rates are still controversial and under investigation.

mutation rate, lesion, DNA, repair

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