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Cirsium candelabrum Griseb. (Asteraceae) in Croatia - the beginning of its invasive spread outside natural range?

The natural range of a species Cirsium candelabrum Griseb. (Asteraceae) comprises the territory of the Balkans (Balkan endemic): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria and south-west Romania. Outside of its natural range, C. candelabrum has recently been found in the European part of Turkey, in Slovenia and Croatia. First findings in Croatia were reported from south Croatian region of Dalmatia in 2008 and 2010 by Jasenka Topić. The species was included, based on these findings, in „Flora Croatica“ Database in 2008. In summer 2014, we were looking for the localities of C. candelabrum in Dalmatia, from the hinterland of cities of Split and Makarska to the border area between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. A large number of new localities (50) was found, mainly on industrial zone of Dugopolje and along the roads leading towards border crossings of settlements of Aržano and Kamensko. The results indicate the spread of this plant in the hinterland of Dalmatia from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The plant grows in ruderal habitats along roads, especially when the natural vegetation has been removed by means of road building or reconstruction. Monitoring can help us to understand whether the latest findings of C. candelabrum on localities outside its natural range is only a temporary phenomenon or is it the beginning of its invasive spread. So far, it occurs only on anthropogenic habitats and shows no tendency to spread on agricultural land or natural habitats and vegetation.

Balkan endemic; south Croatia; Dalmatia; invasive spread; ruderal habitats

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