engleski

Multiple Identities of Italians and Croats in the City of Krk (the Island of Krk, Croatia)

"Višestruki identiteti Talijana i Hrvata u gradu Krku (otok Krk, Hrvatska)" - Otok Krk ima danas oko 18.500 stanovnika, velikom većinom Hrvata, koji žive u 68 naselja. Od njih se pet već preko tisuću godina tradicijski smatra gradovima. Među njima je grad Krk imao iznimnu povijest i ulogu, koja je rezultirala i njegovim specifičnim složenim identitetom. Dok su preostala četiri osnovali Hrvati, koji su naselili otok vjerojatno u 8. stoljeću, grad Krk bio je lokalno upravno središte još za Rimskoga Carstva, s romanskim stanovništvom. Za hrvatskog se naseljavanja preživjelo romansko stanovništvo otoka sklonilo u utvrđeni grad Krk, no uskoro u nj ulaze i Hrvati, i uspostavlja se suživot. Grad Krk je 560 godina bio sjedištem venecijanske uprave, bilo neizravne (preko knezova Krčkih, mletačkih vazala), bilo izravne (1480. - 1797.), što mu je donijelo i treći etnički (drugi romanski) element, Venecijance, kasnije Talijane. Danas vidimo ostatke rezultirajućeg složenog identiteta zasnovanog na ekskluzivitetu romanskog (talijanskog) i urbanog naspram slavenskom (hrvatskom) i ruralnom. Unatoč izvjesnom antagonizmu Talijana i Hrvata, razvilo se i zajedništvo. Tijekom 20. stoljeća razvili su specifičnu neformalnu manjinsku zajednicu u kojoj je njihov urbani identitet bivao sve važniji od etničkog. Danas se nazivaju "starim Vejanima" (od Veglia, talijanskog imena Krka), dvojezični su, a među sobom govore lokalnim venetskim idiomom, neovisno o formalnoj etničkoj pripadnosti. Ovo se istraživanje zasniva više na sjećanjima "starih Vejana, nego na današnjoj stvarnosti ove sve manje zajednice. Od njezinih glazbenih i plesnih značajki tri su bitne za razumijevanje i definiranje njezina identiteta, a to su formalno okupljeni, klasično uvježbani svirači limene glazbe, neformalno okupljeni pjevači urbanih homofonih troglasnih ili četveroglasnih pjesama, pretežito u duru i na talijanskom, te plesači starih krčkih plesova, prije svega manfrine i šotiša. Time se značajno razlikuju od ostatka otočkog stanovništva. The island of Krk in the Croatian part of the Northern Adriatic has a population of 18, 500, predominantly Croatian. Five of its 68 settlements have been traditionally regarded as towns (in the medieval sense, at least) for a millenium or so. Out of these, the city of Krk has had an exceptional role and history, resulting in a specific identity. While the remaining four were founded and populated by the Croats, who colonized the island presumably in the 8th century, the city of Krk had been the local administrative centre of the Roman Empire, with Roman population. With the Croatian colonization, the surviving Roman population of the island took refuge in the city of Krk. However, the Croats moved in as well, and coexistence prevailed. For quite a few centuries the city of Krk was the seat of Venetian rule, whether indirect (via the local Croatian princes, the vassals of Venice) or direct (1480-1797), which introduced an additional Romance element. What we observe today are the remnants of resulting complex identity relying predominantly on the exclusivity of Romance (Italian) and urban, as opposed to Slavic (Croatian) and rural. Despite a certain antagonism between the Italians and Croats, a togetherness emerged ; in the course of the 20th century they developed a specific informal minority group in which their urban identity became even more material than their ethnic one. Currently they refer to themselves as "stari Vejani" ("old Veians", from Veglia, the Italian name for Krk). They are bilingual, speaking among themselves a local variant of the Venet idiom, irrespective of their ethnicity. This paper is based rather on the reminescences of "old Veians" than on the reality of this presently small community. Out of various musical traits of this community three of them are substantial for disclosing and defining their identity, viz. the formally gathered, classically trained players in the brass band, the informally gahered, singers who perform urban folk homophonic songs in three or four parts, predominantly in major and in Italian, and the dancers of the old and revived Krk uban folk dances manfrina and šotiš. With these they differ considerably from the rest of the island population.

urban and ethnic identity; Italians and Croats; brass band; urban folk songs; urban folk dances

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