hrvatski

Sezonski uvjetovane promjene vegetativnih pupova smreke

Istraživanja građe vegetativnih pupova smreke i promijena koje se u njima događaju s početkom vegetacijske sezone postala su zanimljiva zbog opisanih, a neobjašnjenih fizioloških reakcija kao i uočenih, različitih odgovora u kulturi pupova smreka i četinjača ovisno o periodu kada su eksplantati uzimani s matičnih stabala i kultivirani. Vegatativni pup vrste Picea abise građen je od: embrionskog izdanka sastavljenog od meristemskih stanica koje formiraju apikalni meristem i primordija iglica koje su spiralno poredane oko medula ; krune koja se nalazi na baui embrionskog izdanka, a koju čini nekoliko slojeva stanica debelih stijenki bez intercelulara ; te čaškaste strukture čija je stijenka formirana od provodnih elemenata i parenhimskih stanica, a unutar nje se nalaze okrugle, rastresite stanice tankih stijenki i velikih intercelulara. Ukupna količina proteina veća je u embrionskom izdanku nego u kruni i čaškastoj strukturi dok se elektroforetska slika polipeptida podudara u svim dijelovima vegetativnog pupa. Razlika između polipeptida vrsta P. abies i P. omorika očituje se u prisustvu polipeptida molekularne mase 20 kDa kod vrste P. abies. Tri faze razvoja ustanovljene su tijekom perioda istraživanja: zimska, rano-proljetna i proljetn razvojna faza. Sve velike promjene u morfologiji i sastavu pojedinih tkiva vegetativnog pupa smreke događale su se u vrlo kratkom vremenskom periodu (2 tjedna) istovremeno sa znatno pojačanom mitotskom aktivnosti i povećanjem volumena embrionskog tkiva. Najznačajnije promjene su: probijanje provodnih elemenata do embrionskog izdanka, iščezavanje kaloze iz sitastih regija u stijenci čaškaste strukture, difuzno raspršivanje pektinskih supstanci iz središnje lamele u stijenku stanica krune, različita distribucija jezgara i promjena njihove veličine u primordijima iglica, mnogostruko povećanje mitotskog indeksa u embrionskom izdanku te povećanje broja i volumena stanica u embrionskom izdanku, što sve zajedno potvrđuje burnu reakciju embrionalnog i pratećih tkiva na proljetne klimatske uvjete. Takva opća mobilizacija različitih tvari u tkivima na početku vegetacijske sezone očito pogoduje aplikaciji različitih tretmana koji za posljedicu imaju promijenjene fiziološke odgovore kao što je indukcija adventivnih pupova i izolacija protoplasta te njihova dioba u kulturi, a čini ih uspješnijima nego li ako su primijenjeni u zimskom periodu. ------------------------------------------------ General morphology of vegetative bud of Picea abies and the changes with onset of spring were investigated in order to understand better the physiological responses that had previously been described together with the different answers in the bud culture of spruce and conifers depended on the period when the explants were taken from the mother tree for the culture. The vegetative bud of Picea abies is composed of an embryonic shoot subtended by a cup-like, cataphyll-bearing structure from which it is separated by crown or nodal diaphragm of distinct cellular configuration. The embryonic shoot consists of the meristematic tissue of the shoot apex and needle primordia as well as a medulla. The crown, situated at the base of the embryonic shoot consists of isodiametric, thick-walled cells lacking intercellular spaces. The cup-like basal part of the vegetative bud is delineated by variously differentiated vascular tissue and filled to varying degrees by loosely-packed parenchyma. The total amount of proteins in embryonic shoots was higher than in crown and cup-like structure. Electrophoretic separation of proteins did not show any differences in sequence bands. The difference existed between the proteins of P. abies and P. omorika. The polypeptide chain with molecular mass of 20 kDa, which was present in the sequence of bands of P. abies, was absent in the proteins of P. omorika. Three distinct stages of development were found to correspond to the phases of winter, early spring and spring. Rapid changes in morphology and constitution of the tissue of vegetative bud of P. abies happened in very short period with onset of spring (two weeks) contemporary with the significant increase of mitotic activity and the enlargement of embryonic tissue. The remarkable occurrences were: lignified tracheary elements bursting into the embryonic shoot, disappearance of the callous from sieve areas in the wall of the cup-like structure, diffusion of the pectic substances from the middle lamellae in the wall of crown cells, the different distribution of nuclei and their different size in leaf primordia, multiplied increase of mitotic index in the embryonic shoot, the increase of number and the size of cells in the embryonic shoot what indicated the great expansion of embryonic tissue in the vegetative bud. All together confirmed the gusty reaction of embryonic and accompanying tissue on the spring climate conditions. That general mobilization of different substances in the tissue makes manifestly favorable the application of various treatments to induce alternative physiological reactions as the adventitious bud induction or isolation of protoplasts and their dividing in culture and makes them more successful in spring than in winter.

Picea abies; Picea pungens; Picea omorika; vegetativni pup; anatomija

nije evidentirano

engleski

Seasonal changes in constitution of vegetative buds of spruce

Istraživanja građe vegetativnih pupova smreke i promijena koje se u njima događaju s početkom vegetacijske sezone postala su zanimljiva zbog opisanih, a neobjašnjenih fizioloških reakcija kao i uočenih, različitih odgovora u kulturi pupova smreka i četinjača ovisno o periodu kada su eksplantati uzimani s matičnih stabala i kultivirani. Vegatativni pup vrste Picea abise građen je od: embrionskog izdanka sastavljenog od meristemskih stanica koje formiraju apikalni meristem i primordija iglica koje su spiralno poredane oko medula ; krune koja se nalazi na baui embrionskog izdanka, a koju čini nekoliko slojeva stanica debelih stijenki bez intercelulara ; te čaškaste strukture čija je stijenka formirana od provodnih elemenata i parenhimskih stanica, a unutar nje se nalaze okrugle, rastresite stanice tankih stijenki i velikih intercelulara. Ukupna količina proteina veća je u embrionskom izdanku nego u kruni i čaškastoj strukturi dok se elektroforetska slika polipeptida podudara u svim dijelovima vegetativnog pupa. Razlika između polipeptida vrsta P. abies i P. omorika očituje se u prisustvu polipeptida molekularne mase 20 kDa kod vrste P. abies. Tri faze razvoja ustanovljene su tijekom perioda istraživanja: zimska, rano-proljetna i proljetn razvojna faza. Sve velike promjene u morfologiji i sastavu pojedinih tkiva vegetativnog pupa smreke događale su se u vrlo kratkom vremenskom periodu (2 tjedna) istovremeno sa znatno pojačanom mitotskom aktivnosti i povećanjem volumena embrionskog tkiva. Najznačajnije promjene su: probijanje provodnih elemenata do embrionskog izdanka, iščezavanje kaloze iz sitastih regija u stijenci čaškaste strukture, difuzno raspršivanje pektinskih supstanci iz središnje lamele u stijenku stanica krune, različita distribucija jezgara i promjena njihove veličine u primordijima iglica, mnogostruko povećanje mitotskog indeksa u embrionskom izdanku te povećanje broja i volumena stanica u embrionskom izdanku, što sve zajedno potvrđuje burnu reakciju embrionalnog i pratećih tkiva na proljetne klimatske uvjete. Takva opća mobilizacija različitih tvari u tkivima na početku vegetacijske sezone očito pogoduje aplikaciji različitih tretmana koji za posljedicu imaju promijenjene fiziološke odgovore kao što je indukcija adventivnih pupova i izolacija protoplasta te njihova dioba u kulturi, a čini ih uspješnijima nego li ako su primijenjeni u zimskom periodu. ------------------------------------------------ General morphology of vegetative bud of Picea abies and the changes with onset of spring were investigated in order to understand better the physiological responses that had previously been described together with the different answers in the bud culture of spruce and conifers depended on the period when the explants were taken from the mother tree for the culture. The vegetative bud of Picea abies is composed of an embryonic shoot subtended by a cup-like, cataphyll-bearing structure from which it is separated by crown or nodal diaphragm of distinct cellular configuration. The embryonic shoot consists of the meristematic tissue of the shoot apex and needle primordia as well as a medulla. The crown, situated at the base of the embryonic shoot consists of isodiametric, thick-walled cells lacking intercellular spaces. The cup-like basal part of the vegetative bud is delineated by variously differentiated vascular tissue and filled to varying degrees by loosely-packed parenchyma. The total amount of proteins in embryonic shoots was higher than in crown and cup-like structure. Electrophoretic separation of proteins did not show any differences in sequence bands. The difference existed between the proteins of P. abies and P. omorika. The polypeptide chain with molecular mass of 20 kDa, which was present in the sequence of bands of P. abies, was absent in the proteins of P. omorika. Three distinct stages of development were found to correspond to the phases of winter, early spring and spring. Rapid changes in morphology and constitution of the tissue of vegetative bud of P. abies happened in very short period with onset of spring (two weeks) contemporary with the significant increase of mitotic activity and the enlargement of embryonic tissue. The remarkable occurrences were: lignified tracheary elements bursting into the embryonic shoot, disappearance of the callous from sieve areas in the wall of the cup-like structure, diffusion of the pectic substances from the middle lamellae in the wall of crown cells, the different distribution of nuclei and their different size in leaf primordia, multiplied increase of mitotic index in the embryonic shoot, the increase of number and the size of cells in the embryonic shoot what indicated the great expansion of embryonic tissue in the vegetative bud. All together confirmed the gusty reaction of embryonic and accompanying tissue on the spring climate conditions. That general mobilization of different substances in the tissue makes manifestly favorable the application of various treatments to induce alternative physiological reactions as the adventitious bud induction or isolation of protoplasts and their dividing in culture and makes them more successful in spring than in winter.

Picea abies; Picea pungens; Picea omorika; vegetative bud; anatomy

nije evidentirano