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Patricius Phenomenological Theory of Tides and Its Modern Relativistic Interpretation

Famous historians of science (for ex. M. Jammer, Concepts of Force, Dover, 1999 ; First edition published in 1957 by Harvard Press) are emphasizing Patricius' treatise on tides, which had been of primary importance for Kepler in his attempts at formulating the universal character of attraction. The variety of phenomena of tides in various seas, Patricius had tried to explain as part of his model of the universe (28th and 29th Books of Patricius' Pancosmia). He correctly recognized the Moon and the Sun as two general causes of tides (formulated by Kepler as the lunar theory of tides), but failed to see the role of gravity. Patricius rather ascribed tides, within the framework of his general philosophy, to be caused by light and heat (lux et calor). Science (physics) after Patricius explained tides as an effect of gravity (Newton), and later in the 20th century as an effect of spacetime curvature (Einstein). In the oral presentation, the mathematical description of tides within Newton's theory of gravitation will be shown, along with a more refined calculation of the same phenomenon in curved spacetime within the general relativity theory for the case of weak gravitational fields (Newtonian limit). The general relativistic correction comes out to be very small compared to the classical Newtonian expression, as one should expect when dealing with weak gravitational fields. Both theories - Newton's and Einstein's - despite their precision and beauty in describing tides, do not, however, describe tides in such details as Patricius' theory which includes the local features of the phenomenon. At various symposia all over the world dedicated to his miraculous year of 1905 (for ex. 22nd Congress of History of Science, July 24 - 30, 2005, Beijing), Einstein has been recognized as the greatest physicists of the 20th century, and, with Newton, one of the two greatest in the entire history of physics. Therefore, it is of great importance to consider Patricius' role, not only for his theories of mathematical and physical space, but also for the phenomenological theory of tides he developed and included in his original philosophical system of the universe and phenomena in it, as the direct predecessor of Kepler and one hundred years earlier then Newton.

Patricius' causes of tides; explanation of tides within Newton's theory of gravitation; relativistic correction for tides in curved spacetime for the case of weak gravitational field; Patricius as the predecessor of Kepler and Newton

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