hrvatski

Povijesne i arheološke potvrde za srednjovjekovni Mostar

The systematization of all known up-to-date historical data on medieval bridges and towers in present-day Mostar was given at the beginning of this discussion. Despite the first historical reference to Mostar from the 15th century, it is not possible to date their construction according to these dana. It is also not clear whether the whole complex was built at once according to one set of plans, or was the result of continuous building over centuries.Investigations between 2002 and 2004 gathered a large amount of new data that can provide relevant answers. The basics of these studies is the remaining wooden elements found in the buildings that comprise the fortification on the river banks. Twenty two samples were collected and analysed by the carbon-14 method (Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia) and dendrochronological measurements (Malcom and Carolyn Wiener Laboratory for Aegean and Near Eastern Dendrochronology, Cornell University, New York, USA). Samples analysed by both methods yielded very similar results. These results were also compatible with the results of stratigraphical investigation at the location, an analysis of archaeological findings, and visible differences in the construction of the structures revealed by conservation-restoration studies made on all objects in the fortification. Based on these results the following points could be made: 1. The first amenities built on this location date to the beginning of the 12 th century. They consisted of a small half-circle fortification underneath the present day tower called Tara, a cableway for cargo transportation, and a wire-bridge stretched between two large „ A“ form carriers on both river banks. 2. 2. The wire-bridge was reconstructed during the mid 14 th century and a two-floor tower (the basics of present-day tower Tara) was built on the location of the small half-circle fortification. A small golden relic ampulla made by goldsmiths under Venetian influence from the 12 th and the 18 th century was found in the tower walls. 3. The wire bridge was replaced by a firm wooden bridge in the end of 14 th century or the beginning of 15 th century. The fortification on the left riverbank was further strengthened by pentagonal fort which is partially supported by the tower and the wooden bridge and riverbank. At the same time, a free-standing two- floor tower (present-day Helebija) was built on opposite river bank. In the second half of the 14 th century, as a part of the fortification on the left river bank, the smaller fortress for a military garrison was built at the base of the tower Tara. An interesting archaeological finding, a barbuta type of helmet, was discovered at this location. According to written testaments, this type of helmet was used in Dalmatia and its surroundings from cca 1330 till 15 th century. 4. The wooden bridge was radically repaired at the end of 15 th or the beginning of 16 th century. This restoration was so substantial that it yielded a local legend and general belief that it was ordered by sultan Muhamed II Conqueror († 1481) 5. Following the order of sultan Suleyman the Magnificent, the construction of a single stone bridge adjacent to the older wooden bridge started in 1557. The construction was perfomed according to the instructions of the supreme Ottoman constructor Kodže Mimara Sinana, and finished by his scholar and assistant Mimar Hayreddin in 1566. While the stone bridge was built, the two main towers, Tara and Helebija, were repaired and upgraded by adding two additional floors. The fortification on the left river bank of Neretva was also repaired, and a new tower, Herceguša, was built to strengthen the defence of the stone bridge. As the stone bridge was significantly higher than the wooden bridge, it required a new access and an elevation of the tower inner floors. Due to this reorganisation, the ground floors of the towers were buried and the new entrances were opened on the higher levels. 6. The medieval towers on the river banks that defended the access to the bridge were upgraded several times during the Ottoman rule, particularly during the Kandijski war. The towers got their present-day shape in the end of 18 th and the beginning of the 19 th century. 7. The wooden remainings from the second half of the 18 th century were found in the access embankment to the stone bridge made by Hayreddin that covered the older wooden bridge and in the base of the fortification on the left river bank of Neretva. These findings suggest that additional amenities existed in the part of the fortification. These investigations were made by company „ Omega engineering“ from Dubrovnik, Croatia, and their collaborators during the restoration of the stone bridge demolished by the war in 1993. The renovation of the bridge and its towers was finished on July 24 th, 2004 and they have been listed as a part of the UNESCO World Heritage in December 2005.

Mostar; Stari most

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