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Češka književnost i kultura u hrvatskim književnim časopisima 19. stoljeća (CROSBI ID 349146)

Ocjenski rad | doktorska disertacija

Šabić, Marijan Češka književnost i kultura u hrvatskim književnim časopisima 19. stoljeća / Vinko Brešić (mentor); Vinko Brešić (neposredni voditelj). Zagreb, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu, . 2007

Podaci o odgovornosti

Šabić, Marijan

Vinko Brešić

Vinko Brešić

hrvatski

Češka književnost i kultura u hrvatskim književnim časopisima 19. stoljeća

Regarding Czech-Croatian literary and cultural bonds in 19th century, literary Croatistics and Bohemistics have ascertained some general features, i.e. focal points of the mentioned relationship, such as intertwining of Czech and Croatian national revivals, the influence of Czech cultural circles on the shaping of Croatian cultural establishments and literary journals and on the programmes of non-literary component of Croatian Modernist movement, the influence of Czech literature on a part of Šenoa's literary scope and older Croatian literature on some of the texts belonging to Hanka's fake manuscripts etc. The sheer numerousness of these general features has lead to a certain consensus within philological circles regarding the intensity of the relationship of the two cultures and literatures in that period ; when we observe this relationship from the viewpoint of Ďurišin's criteria (ethnical principle, linguistic factor, geographical criterion, administrative factor, ideo-political factor, criterion of developmental differentiation and confessional aspect), we arrive at foundations of somewhat bold thesis on the existence of Czech-Croatian interliterary community during the 19th century. Nevertheless, little papers have been written with the purpose of providing a holistic insight into the mentioned interliterary and intercultural relationship. This paper has an ambition, based on the analysis of the Czech authors' texts and texts from important Croatian literary journals having Czech topics, to describe a journal-related aspect of the reception of Czech literature and culture in Croatian 19th century public. I regard establishing the authorship of certain texts and the identity of certain translators to be a sort of contribution of this dissertation to the existing bibliographies of our literary periodicals. During the 19th century, literary journals were the most important reviews of Croatian literature. Unlike newspaper, their imperative was not up-to-dateness, but elaboration, creation of attitudes and transformation of society and times, but, nevertheless, they were published often enough to be the main media of interliterary and intercultural communication. The analysis of texts with Czech topics and written by Czech authors was performed on 21 journal, most of which were selected as the most important for the period from Croatian national revival to 1903 by Ježić' and Šicel' histories of literature. There are two things in the selection of journals that might be debatable: except for the "Neven" published in Rijeka, "Novi Viek" by Tresić and "Hrvatska vila" published in Sušak, there are no journals belonging to the southern Croatian region in the selection. Namely, the translations from the Czech literature were very seldom published in those journals. The cause of that is elaborated using the example of "Zora Dalmatinska": the reasons are the romantic sensibility inherited from Italian literature imposed through the co-existence with Italians, the fact that different Croatian regions gravitated to different dominant cultures during certain historical periods, and the difference between the poetics of Mediterranean and Panonian components of Croatian literature, which was obviously closer to Czech literature ? the largest number of prolific translators was connected to Slavonia either by work or by birth. The situation changed after the final integration of Croatian intellectual space in 70s and the 80s, heavily influenced by Šenoa's "Vienac" and the strengthening of the Rights movement. The second debatable thing is the inclusion of year 15 of modestly influential "Svjetlo" published in Karlovac, the analysis of which revealed the attitude of the so-called "novonadaška" generation in its mature and mostly integrated phase towards the Czech literature. Speaking of the 19th century literary journals, texts by Czech authors and having Czech topics were most often published in "Danica" ; mostly these were the texts having the function of transposing revival strategies. "Kolo" featured a certain critical disassociation from the exact transposition of Czech cultural patterns into Croatian social life, while "Neven" welcomed the sensibility introduced to Czech literature by Mácha and was the first to start the feature "Iz zlatnog Praga" (From golden Prague). Šenoa wrote the column of the same name in "Naše gore list" ; the same journal was characterised by the increased interest in Czech prose with social topics, while translation policy in "Slavonac" was aligned with neo-Illyric views of its editor. The reception of Czech literature and culture in Croatian literary periodicals prior to "Vienac" was marked by patriotic criteria (pan-Slavic or pro-Croatian) and the need for topically close popular prose texts that would distance the reader from the German literature, which resulted in Chocholoušek being the most translated Czech author in Croatian literary journals of the time. Although the pan-Slavic component will remain visible in the translation from Czech well into 20th century (e.g. in the translations of Jelínek's sketches from Polish and Ukrainian cycles), "Vienac" distanced itself from the pragmatic translation policy before Šenoa, even through denouncement of Turkish topics that dominated Chocholoušek' prose. New names are introduced: Světlá, Nosek, Jedlička ; and Hálek is translated more often. As an editor, Šenoa neglects Czech literature and turns "Vienac" towards Roman literatures. Since Šenoa's death until the beginning of the Croatian Modernist movement, the reception of Czech literature in the periodicals is more dependent on the affinities of the collaborators than on the translation policy set by the editors. "Hrvatska vila" and "Vienac" published exclusively prose translations and "Nada", thanks to Josip Milaković, only poetry. The most prolific translators of the 80s and the 90s were Milivoj Šrepel, Vjenceslav Novak, Stjepan Sušnik, Josip Milaković, Bartol Inhof, Makso Kuntarić, Vladoje Dukat and Stjepan Žgurić, the most translated authors were Čech and Vrchlický (including prose, although primarily poets), as well as Herites, Jelínek, Rais and Neruda. The most translated Czech literary form in Croatian literary periodicals of the 19th century is the arabesque. Some of the main characteristics of the genre of arabesque were the poetic dominants in Croatian journal reception of Czech literature, from the translations of Czech national and literary ballads in "Danica", through short prose texts by Jedlička, Arbes, Zítek, Polykarp Starý, Neruda, to those by Čech and Vrchlický at the turn of the century: mysteriousness, mythical framework replaced later on by social one, irrational feature, the powerlessness of the individual in the face of destiny and tragedy (found also in Rais' works). The Prague and "novonadaška" groups of Croatian "young ones" were the first to clearly exhibit the programmatic relationship towards the Czech literature and culture, mostly defined through the analogy observed by them in certain aspects of Croatian and Czech social moment: what the followers of the Croatian national revival tried to achieve through the fiction (Sestre by Tyl, Ženam Slavskim by B. Němcová etc) and pretentious philological debates, the "young ones" tried to achieve through literary and art criticism, drawing the parallel between the relationship of Croatian and Czech "young" and "old" authors and artists. The articles written by Czech authors on peasant movement and the role of students in the society clearly point to Croatian society as well. After the revival' authorities ? Dobrovský, Šafařík and Kollár, Masaryk becomes the first and the last great Czech authority of Croatian cultural public through the intermediation of Radić and his collaborators. The case of Croatian Modernists shows us that the firm programmatic focus on the Czech literature and culture was connected with the appearance of various modifications of pan-Slavistic ideas ? Illyric earlier on, and during the Croatian Modernist movement, the pro-Yugoslavian orientation of the large number of its followers. In both cases, pragmatism resulted in relatively small number of translations of high-quality texts of contemporary Czech authors. There were times when Czech literature comprised the dominant part of translations in some of the Croatian journals, but that phenomenon was never so widespread that we might name it the most influential factor in the development of Croatian literature. Nevertheless, through its continuing presence in "Danica" since its first issues to the last issues of "Vienac" and "Nada" in 1903, Czech culture imposed itself as the dominant culture among foreign national cultures present on the pages of Croatian literary periodicals. During the 19th century, Croatian socio-semiotic entrepreneurs (term coined by Itamar Even-Zohar) strived to include Croatian literature in contemporary European trends, which was accompanied by translation to Croatian language of those contemporary authors who were the best in European terms, as well as the canonical authors. If we are to ask ourselves, looking from today's viewpoint, how many of the 19th century Czech authors were especially responsible for the shaping of the literary works named "the literature of the Western circle" by Slamnig, the answer is: not many. Čelakovský perhaps, Erben, Neruda and Němcová. Regardless to that, in Croatian literary journals we found a large number of texts written by authors less (e.g. Jedlička and Nosek) or more (e.g. Chocholoušek and Rais) important for the Czech literature, but minor in the context of European literature, which was the circle Croatian literature strived to belong. The reason for that can be found, besides the occasional Slavophile pragmaticism and the inclination of certain translators, in the two parallel features ? poetical in the Panonic component of Croatian literature and in the parallel development of cultural, social and political circumstances: thus the Russian authors were mostly translated because of the awareness of Turgenjev', Čehov' and Lermontov' greatness, as well as the Polish ones (besides the sympathy for the Polish patriotism), while Croatian authors found topics and literary worlds similar to Croatian circumstances in Czech authors. The parallel development in cultural and political sense was especially observable in non-fiction texts with Czech topics, from longer biographical articles to notes, which are dominated by the attempts to prove that a small nation, in similar state as Croatian, can yield good authors and cultural and educational establishments, as well as the language in which valuable literature can be created.

Hrvatski književnio časopisi; češko-hrvatske književne veze; 19. stoljeće

nije evidentirano

engleski

Czech literature and culture in Croatian literary journals of 19th Century

nije evidentirano

Croatian literary journals; Czech-Croatian literary relations; 19th Century

nije evidentirano

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