engleski

Blood pressure in relation to dietary calcium, alcohol consumption, blood lead and cadmium in rural women

Aim. The interrelationship of dietary calcium (Ca), alcohol consumption, blood lead (B-Pb), blood cadmium (B-Cd), age, and body mass index (BMI) to blood pressure (BP) was examined in women, nonsmokers. Method. Total 267 peasant women, aged 40-85 years, all nonsmokers and consuming very little or no alcohol, were examined. They were residents of two rural areas in Croatia and differed in lifetime habit of dietary Ca intake: 100 women with low Ca intake (about 450 mg/day) and 167 women with relatively high Ca intake (about 940 mg/day). The interrelationship of Ca intake (residence area), alcohol consumption, B-Pb, B-Cd, age, and BMI to systolic and diastolic BP was evaluated by multiple regression analysis. The significance of the difference between groups was evaluated by the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results. Median and range B-Pb values were 74 (29-251) ľg/L in women with low Ca intake and 59 (21-263) ľg/L in women with high Ca intake (P<0.0002), while corresponding B-Cd values were 0.6 (0.2-3.6) ľg/L and 0.6 (0.3-4.5) ľg/L (P>0.10). Multiple regression analysis showed a significant increase in systolic BP with age (P<10^-12), BMI (P<10^-6), and with B-Cd (P<0.05). Diastolic BP was significantly positively associated with BMI (P<10^-6), age (P<0.002), and residence area (P<0.005), i.e. it was higher in the group with low Ca intake, although these women also had significantly higher alcohol consumption (P<0.0001) and B-Pb (P<0.0002) compared with women from the other area. When the two groups of women were subdivided into consumers and nonconsumers of alcohol, B-Pb was significantly positively related to alcohol consumption and inversely to Ca intake. The highest B-Pb was found in the subgroup of alcohol consumers with low Ca intake, and the lowest B-Pb in the subgroup of nonconsumers with high Ca intake: 78 (42-251) and 51 (22-192) ľg/L, respectively (P<10^-5). Significantly higher diastolic BP was found in the former, compared to the latter subgroup: 95 (70-130) and 90 (60-120) mm Hg, respectively (P<0.05). The significant difference in diastolic BP cannot be explained by age, BMI or B-Cd, as these were comparable in the two subgroups. Conclusion. Alcohol consumption and low dietary Ca intake can increase B-Pb, which may significantly contribute to an increase in diastolic BP in women even at relatively low-level Pb-exposure. A significant contribution of relatively low B-Cd to an increase in systolic BP was observed.

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