engleski

Phylogeny of trans-Adriatic Campanula garganica complex (Campanulaceae)

The genus Campanula L. (Campanulaceae) has highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region. One of the morphologically and phylogentically clearly recognized group is the isophyllous group of ten trans-Adriatic endemic taxa. This group is attributed to the Campanula garganica complex that taxonomically belongs to the sect. Campanula ser. Garganicae Trinajstić. This complex exhibits a trans-Adriatic and Ionian distribution with the majority of species distributed along the East Adriatic coast. The taxa belonging to this complex are: C. reatina Lucchese, C. garganica Ten., C. fenestrellata Feer subsp. fenestrellata, C. fenestrellata Feer subsp. istriaca (Feer) Damboldt, C. portenschlagiana Roem. & Schult., C. poscharskyana Degen, C. cephallenica Feer, C. acarnanica Damboldt, C. debarensis Rech. f., while the sister species to the group is Albanian endemic C. comosiformis (Hayek & Janch.) Frajman & Schneew. Here we explore the phylogeny and diversification of the C. garganica complex based on, nuclear (ITS) and plastid (trnL-trnF) DNA sequences and AFLPs. Our molecular phylogenetic study confirmed the monophyly of the complex, while the relationships among taxa are poorly resolved. The plastid and nuclear datasets were only partly congruent. A new phylogenetic insight into the C. garganica complex revealed the existence of two new species, recently described as C. teutana Bogdanović & Brullo from remote central Adriatic island of Vis and C. skanderbegii Bogdanović, Brullo, & D. Lakušić from the central Albania. Both species are morphologically similar to central Adriatic species C. portenschlagiana but phylogenetically they are not the closest relatives. Broader sampling of the Albanian populations previously attributed to C. debarensis (=C. garganica Ten. var. albanica Markgr.), revealed the existence of a new hidden taxon based on ITS and cpDNA sequences, and showed close morphological relationship to C. fenestrellata. Preliminary analysis of AFLP fingerprinting was performed on 23 populations in order to obtain further insight into phylogenetic relationships within the complex. The AFLP data clearly separated all investigated taxa revealing some new lineages, and indicated the existence of six genetic groups. AFLP data shows hybridisation zones between sympatric C. fenestrellata and C. istriaca in the Northern Adriatic region, as well as the close relationship between C. garganica from Mt. Gargano (Italy) and C. teutana from Vis Island (Croatia). Haplotype network detected 24 different haplotypes and supports recent diversification of taxa. Obtained genetic structure of C. garganica complex indicate connections between Italian and Balkan Peninsula in the past probably during Pleistocene fluctuations of the sea level. Southern populations are connected to Albanian ones and further detailed phylogeographic analyses are needed to elucidate possible connections, migrations and phylogenetic relationships between newly described Albanian taxa to the rest of C. garganica complex.

Campanula; phylogeny; Adriatic; Balkan

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