engleski

The impact of electric vehicles and driving cycles on hourly electrical load curves: a case study for Croatia

The introduction of electric vehicles (EV) can have a significant impact on an energy system. They have the potential to increase the penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) especially if used in a vehicle to grid (V2G) mode and can also contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Unfortunately, they can cause problems in the system as well. A high penetration of EVs will most definitely increase the total annual electricity demand and if not regulated will significantly increase the peak loads in the system. The increase in demand can be met by the implementation of RES and the increased peak loads can be handled with load management. In order to plan a transport system around EVs or to estimate their impact on an energy system, the total annual demand and hourly demand curves for the EVs must first be calculated. This paper represents a continuation of previous work where the total annual electrical demand for a system with different penetrations of EVs was calculated. Compared with the business as usual (BAU) scenario, a modal switch to EVs could potentially reduce the energy consumption in Croatia by almost 99 PJ or 59%. The goal of this paper is to present the model for the calculation of hourly demand curves for EVs based on different driving cycles, charging and discharging of EV's batteries. The potential for energy storage that parked EVs present is also discussed here. Different driving cycles and levels of penetration of EVs have been analyzed and compared. The model has been tested on Croatia as a case study. The results achieved in this paper are crucial for the creation of a supply side model for an entire national or regional transport system based on EVs.

energy demand; transport sector; hourly curves

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