engleski

Hydroxyl radical formation in batch and continuous flow ultrasonic systems

The creation of free radicals by ultrasonic cavitation is the main mechanism that leads to chemical degradation of target pollutants and the process is considered an alternative advanced oxidation technology. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of batch and continuous flow ultrasonic systems on the formation of hydroxyl radicals. Ultrasonic batch experiments were conducted in two reactors (small and large) using a standard 20 kHz catenoidal titanium horn at varying amplitudes and sonication times. The effect of saturating gas was also investigated by introducing helium and air at 1 L min−1 into the larger 100 mL reactor. In the continuous flow system, the experiments were conducted with a 20 kHz, 3.3 kW ultrasonic systems using a titanium “donut” horn at varying volumetric flow rates and amplitudes. Formation of hydroxyl radicals was determined using terephthalic acid dosimetry measurements. At the same energy densities, higher hydroxyl radical concentrations were formed in the batch system than in the continuous flow system. Sonication time appeared to be the main factor that influenced the results in batch and continuous flow systems. The two gases (helium and air) did not increase the hydroxyl radical formation at any amplitude or sonication time tested.

ultrasonication; batch; continuous flow; donut horn; hydroxyl radical; terephthalate dosimetry

nije evidentirano