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Einstein's and Schrödinger's Notions of Universe and World in Physics and Philosophy

A fundamental exploring of the structure of matter, energy, space and time is astonishingly characterized by the unison walk of physics and philosophy in our time, so the different parts are collected into the great natural-scientific synthesis of origin and evolution of Universe (cosmology), but simultaneously focussing towards the unique interpretation of the World and humankind associated with a broad spectrum of practical actions (philosophy). A new pictures of universe with the notions related to the world view (Weltansicht) that were originated in Einstein’s general relativity and Schrödinger quantum mechanics respectively, are both fruitful epoch–making thoughts in modern physics and philosophy spreading diffuse into spheres of politics, culture, religions, and arts. At the 22nd Congress of history of science and technology (HST, Beijing, 2005), a Chinese Nobel-prize physicist C. N. Yang has proclaimed Newton to be the greatest physicist of all times due to his heliocentric system of the world (PRINCIPIA, Book Three: System of the World, In mathematical treatment), and at the same time Einstein as greatest physicist of the 20th century due to his magnificent General Theory of Relativity (GTR, 1916) founded on mathematical bases, the most beautiful and excellent theory ever in the HST. After Special Theory of Relativity (STR, 1905) followed by General Relativity (GR) and his world voyages, Einstein was declared to be "a new giant in world history". He was inventor in theory who has 'dreamed' unification in physics and universalism in the world, but still keeping a philosophical traditionalist habit (didn’t change anything in Maxwell’s equations). We put Erwin Schrödinger (Austria, 1887–1961) akin and close to Einstein in the lecture, as the one of founders and keen-sighted protagonists in era of development, debates and applications of quantum mechanics. Wave matter equation for nonrelativistic particles with no spin (Schrödinger equation), quantization as an eigenvalue problem Schrödinger published in Annalen der Physik (1926), the same journal where Einstein published STR and GTR. Schrödinger’s view of the world was built on the epistemic bridges between quantum physics, biology, and chemistry with early Greek philosophy and Vedantic doctrine. A world view with an order of the world within the philosophy of nature is emerging inevitably with an ultimate philosophy of reverence for life, what has been verified by the extraordinary Schrödinger’s life with the dynamics of knowledge and reality (J. Götschl, 1992). Boundary limitations due to the sharedness of the external real and same world we are all living (sharing) against separated spheres of our individual consciousness, can be however solved in the historical world by astonishment: by means of pseudo–ethics (Schrödinger’s notion), despite that world remains essentially not rationally comprehensible. Pure scientific and philosophical ideas, history of science essays, letters and diaries (Österreichische Zentralbibliothek für Physik (Ed) ; Nachlass Erwin Schrödinger), till the Schrödinger’s poetry where he wrote poems in native German and adopted English on the world with its own vibrations (Schwingungen Welt), are all the integral parts of the intellectual world heritage which unfailingly opens perspectives to science, philosophy, and culture. One of the very friendly and preferable model in the Einstein’s legacy is steady-state cosmology. In the years of 1915–1917, Einstein had constructed a dynamical type of universe by applying his equations of general relativity. However, he added a special term known as "cosmological constant" λ (mysterious still present time) to the field equations of relativity, in order to stabilize the universe by counteracting attractive character of gravity. By using λ constant Einstein was able to predict "steady-state" cosmos that should be static and finite. Furthermore, it was possible that radius and average density of matter in that cosmos could be explicitly calculated from first principle ('ab initio'). Einstein’s steady-state cosmology is not definitely closed yet. A highlight in the aspect of history and philosophy of cosmology happened very recently by the discovery of an unpublished original Sitzungsberichte manuscript of A. Einstein (Sitzungsberichte der König. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 235, 1931 ; Einstein Papers Project, Caltech and Hebrew University of Jerusalem). In that unpublished manuscript of the post–Hubble discovery time in 1931, Einstein surprisingly and ambitiously attempted again to construct equations for a "steady-state" cosmos. Einstein’s views on the world and universe (Einstein’s physics and philosophy) are very closely interrelated with Spinoza’s system of thought and best results of his reason. According to Spinoza’s notion of world, external things we know only in relation to one each of other and cannot know them "as they are in themselves". We are aware of the world and its various phenomena only 'in relation' to one another. So called the 'truth' about given object cannot be isolated from the rest of nature. Our full knowledge about given object is strictly related to the involvement of the whole of nature, since the Proposition VII (Ethics, Part 2) says "The order and connection of ideas is the same as order and connection of things." In Spinoza’s theory of knowledge a whole World in internal and external aspects may be integrated, understood and unified by Spinoza’s original and sophisticated geometrical interconnectedness of all reality, against special, separated and independent disciplinary fields which characterizes modern age. We should try to argue the epistemic question beyond the questions: Could it, perhaps, be done more than the Einstein’ GR at the post–Einsteinian time, especially when we have an epic collider machine LHC in CERN at work today? A cosmological paradigm slightly changes during the last decades. New ideas and constraints are acting in the cosmological frontier: accelerated expansion (fate) of the universe, dark sector with dark energy and dark matter which make up 95% of the universe against the small fraction (less than 5%) of the visible "normal" matter in the universe. A crucial experimental prospect is namely related to the searching for dark sector particles, such as dark vector bosons, during the advanced LHC Run 2 available after technical updating in 2014 – 2015. The year 2015 historically marks a century of GR because Einstein completed the logical–mathematical–physics structure of GTR by November 1915 when presented his work to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. However, a century of GR may be celebrated also in 2016 because the final theory was published in Annalen der Physik Band 49 (1916) 769 – 822 (manuscript received 20 March 1916). Einstein was originator of the idea of gravitational waves (GW) in cosmology which can be propagated via compressing of space in one direction while stretching it along another (ripple effect), to be able spreading across the universe. A recent outstanding event (highlight) of the discovery of inflationary gravitational waves (IGW) has been reported to physics community and to the public by the BICEP2 Collaboration with the Telescope and Polarimeter under the same name that are located at the South Pole (March 2014). It is a sophisticated detection of the excess signal of the B-mode power spectrum (polarization) as observed as the tensor component of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) that had been generated by the primordial GW after extremely violent and rapid cosmic inflation that our universe underwent at the timescale of 10*–35 second after Big Bang. In the present scientific picture of visible and dark universe, the areas of GR and UFT are becoming very important according to the famous words: "Ubi material ibi geometria" ("Where there is matter, in that place is geometry"), what has been assigned for the post–Renaissance science a long time ago by great J. Kepler. At the late renaissance, Frane Petrić was the first who gave philosophically and theoretically elaborated cosmological concepts of an isotropic and finite, and finally dynamic (contracting or expanding) universe. With his original concept of finite/infinite isotropic space, Patricius deserves that the title Copernican Principle for a cosmological postulate be amended to the Copernican-Patricius principle in modern cosmology, that has been developed at the Days of Frane Petrić conferences, by the author of this paper through his four related talks presented on the 4th DFP 1995, 5th DFP 1996, 6th DFP 1997 and 8th DFP 1999. By the plenary lecture we are aiming Einstein and Schrödinger should becoming mentors who are inspiring students and young scholars, helping them at the broad frontiers of challenges of contemporary science, technology, and philosophy along the road of responsibility for "the secure grow of science" (Kant).

Einstein ; centenary of GR ; first talk on centenary in Croatia ; Einstein's steady-state cosmos ; Newton ; Einstein and Spinozism ; dynamic models of cosmos ; gravitational waves ; Schroedinger's world view ; semi-Copernican Petrić's world ; Frane Petrić ; dark energy ; dark matter ; unknown universe

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