engleski

Is Recreational Soccer Effective for Improving V_O2 max? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Soccer is the most popular sport worldwide, with a long history and currently more than 500 million active participants of which 300 million are registered football club members. On the basis of scientific findings showing positive fitness and health effects of recreational, FIFA introduced the slogan “Playing football for 45 minutes twice a week – best prevention of non- communicable diseases” in 2010.The objective of this paper was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to determine the effects of recreational soccer on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, CINAHL and Google Scholar) were searched for original research articles. A manual search was performed to cover the areas of recreational soccer, recreational physical activity, recreational small-sided games and VO2max using the following key terms, either singly or in combination: recreational small-sided games, recreational football, recreational soccer, street football, street soccer, effect, maximal oxygen uptake, peak oxygen uptake, cardiorespiratory fitness, VO2max. The inclusion criteria were divided into four sections: type of study, type of participants, type of interventions and type of outcome measures. Probabilistic magnitude-based inferences for meta-analysed effects were based on standardised thresholds for small, moderate and large changes (0.2, 0.6 and 1.2, respectively) derived from between-subject standard deviations (SDs) for baseline fitness. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Mean differences showed that VO2max increased by 3.51 mL•kg-1•min-1 (95% CI: 3.07, 4.15) over a recreational soccer training programme in comparison with other training models. The meta- analysed effects of recreational soccer on VO2max compared to the controls of no exercise, continuous running and strength training were most likely largely beneficial (ES=1.46 ; 95% CI: 0.91, 2.01 ; I2 = 88.35%), most likely moderately beneficial (ES=0.68 ; 95% CI: 0.06, 1.29 ; I2 = 69.13%) and most likely moderately beneficial (ES=1.08 ; 95% CI: -0.25, 2.42 ; I2 = 71.06%), respectively. In men and women, the meta- analysed effect was most likely largely beneficial for men (ES=1.2) and most likely moderately beneficial for women (ES=0.96) compared to the controls. After 12 weeks of recreational soccer with an intensity of 78‒82% maximal heart rate (HRmax), healthy untrained men improved their VO2max by 8– 13%, while untrained elderly participants improved their VO2max by 15–18%. Twelve to 70 weeks of soccer training in healthy women resulted in an improvement in VO2max of 5–16%. Significant improvements in maximal oxygen uptake have been observed in patients with diabetes, hypertension and prostate cancer. Recreational soccer produces large improvements in VO2max compared to strength training and no exercise, regardless of the age, sex and health status of the participants. Furthermore, recreational soccer is better than continuous endurance running, albeit the additional effect is moderate. This kind of physical activity has great potential for enhancing aerobic fitness, and for preventing and treating non- communicable diseases, and is ideal for addressing lack of motivation, a key component in physical (in)activity and immature levels of social habits.

Recreational Soccer ; Systematic Review ; Meta-Analysis

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