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Interactions of secondary metabolites from cyanobacteria and invasive tropical algae with the cellular detoxification mechanism in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Invasive tropical green algae from the genus Caulerpa and various cyanobacterial species possess diverse and complex composition of secondary metabolites. Some of those are toxic and represent a significant threat to the environment and animal/human health, especially during periods of intensive blooms. Nevertheless, the knowledge on their mechanism(s) of toxicity and interactions with basic cellular defense systems are still scarcely investigated. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to determine interactions of secondary metabolites from C. racemosa, C. taxifolia and selected cyanobacterial strains, including genera Anabaena, Nostoc, Phormidium and Oscillatoria, with four (phases 0, I, II, and III) critical phases of the cellular detoxification in zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a highly relevant vertebrate research model. In addition, we performed a preliminary identification of biologically active substances that cause observed toxic effects using the effects-directed analyses (EDA) approach. Significant toxicity of these complex biological samples towards toxicologically relevant zebrafish uptake transporters DrOatp1d1 and DrOct1 (phase 0), and CYP1A1 detoxification enzymes (phase I) have been determined. Bioactive compounds from Caulerpa species and cyanobacterial strains have been preliminary identified as both polar and lipophilic. Caulerpin (CLP) was determined as the major metabolite in C. racemosa while caulerpenyne (CYN) appeared to be the dominant compound in C. taxifolia. CYN was determined to be the inhibitor of the DrOatp1d1 anion transporter. Aquatic cyanobacterial strains, especially Oscillatoria strain, showed the most significant biological responses to both detoxification phases and are potentially considered to be of high (eco)toxicological relevance.

invasive algae ; cyanobacteria ; secondary metabolites ; mechanism(s) of toxicity ; cellular detoxification ; zebrafish (Danio rerio)

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