engleski

Instrumental Ensembles of the Twentieth Century as the Cause of Change in the Traditional Musical Systems in Northern, Northwestern, and Central Croatia

This paper is based upon comparison of data and musical notations gathered during research on folk music of this region from the mid-nineteenth century till now. Using two examples, I will show the changes in the traditional musical system (i.e. in the tone relations) in this region, which are the consequence of introducing new instrumental ensembles during the first half of the 20th century and their further presence in the musical practice. The first example refers to the northernmost regions of Croatia (Međimurje) and to the changes caused by the chordal instrumental accompaniment of tambura ensembles in the tone modes of unison and a cappella tunes performed. Modal tunes, mostly Dorian and Aeolian, frequently with elements of anhemitonic pentatonics, have become, through vocal and instrumental performances, minor. The second example will show the changes in the tone system caused by the change from stringed instrumental ensembles (guci), typical of northwestern and central Croatia in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, to mixed (stringed instruments, accordion and tamburas) and/or pure tambura ensembles. The music which had earlier established deviations from the tempered system of twelve equal semitones - a slightly higher fifth and a slightly lower third (stringed instruments) - has become more or less tempered. through the introducing of tempered instruments (accordion). Nowadays we follow individual attempts to restore the 'original performances'. However, the question is whether such a revival is carried out in the musical systems as well, i.e. whether the tunes go back to the modes or do they remain in major or minor. Are the players of stringed instruments in today's instrumental ensembles trying to play in traditional ('untempered') tuning or not? The research is at its initial stage, with first contacts and preliminary interviews with principal musicians being made.

traditional music; traditional folk instruments; Croatia

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