engleski

Phylogeography of the amphi-Adriatic Campanula garganica complex

The Balkan Peninsula is one of the most important speciation and diversification centres in Europe. One of the morphologically and phylogenetically clearly recognized groups is the Campanula garganica complex. This complex exhibits amfi-Adriatic and Ionian distribution with the majority of species distributed along the western Balkan Peninsula. We here explore the phylogeography and diversification of the C. garganica complex based on nuclear (ITS), plastid (trnL-trnF) DNA sequences and AFLPs. The analysis of AFLP fingerprinting was performed on 39 populations in order to obtain further insights into phylogenetic relationships within the complex. In addition, phylogeographic data were complemented with habitat suitability models for present and last glacial maximum (LGM) period to infer the locations of putative LGM refugia. Phylogenetic study confirmed the monophyly of the complex, with poorly resolved phylogenetic relationship among taxa. The AFLP data clearly separated all investigated taxa revealing some new lineages, and indicated the existence of eight genetic groups. It also revealed hybridisation zones between C. fenestrellata and C. istriaca in the Northern Adriatic region, as well as the close relationship among C. garganica and C. retina from Italy, C. cephallenica and C. acarnaica from Greece while southern Adriatic populations of C. teutana and C. poscharskyana were connected to Albanian taxa C. aureliana and C. skanderbegii. The haplotype network detected 18 haplotypes and suggested that the taxa within the complex survived within different Balkan refugial areas which was consistent with the predictions of the LGM habitat suitability models. Constructed potential dispersal corridors during LGM between populations that share haplotypes indicate several highly isolated groups of populations with no apparent connectivity. The highest connectivity (both present and LGM) was identified between C. fenestrellata and C. istriaca populations in the North Adriatic and between C. portenschlagiana populations in the Central Adriatic. In summary, the obtained genetic structure of C. garganica complex supports connections between Balkan and Apennine Peninsulas probably during Pleistocene fluctuations of the sea level as well as the existence of several refugial areas in the Adriatic region.

Campanula ; Balkan flora ; LGM ; evolution ; phylogeography ; systematics

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